M2SVPSThe Merge The Merge POW POS POS POS Rollup slot 12s 32 slot epoch epoch -PBSVitalik P2P 10 51% 5.1% SSF 51% vitalik SSF PoS Verkle CommitteeThe Surge Rollup Surge gas rollup zkrollup zkrollup sequenceraggregatorbatchprev state rootpost state rootproof L1 calldata Zkrollup calldata EIP-4844 12MB rollup 60KB ~100KB EIP-4844 1034x blob data shardThe Scourge Scourge MEV MEVMEV Miner Extractable Value / Maximal Extractable ValueMiner Extractable ValueMaximal Extractable Value gas mempool gas DEX Uniswap DAI 10,000 UNI UNI / DAI UNI DAI UNI / DAI UNIMEV MEVMEV MEV MEV MEV MEV MEV The VergeVerge Verkle rollup zk rollup layer 1 blob KZG KZG rollup KZGThe Verge N rollup ZK rollup starksnark bulletproof SNARKs STARKs SNARKs STARKs STARKs rollup EIP-4844 blob ZK The PurgeThe Purge ETH EIP-4444 P2P recipient torrent IPFS Portal Network The Graph / The SplurgeEVM VDF Account AbstractionAA ZK Layer 2 EIP-4844 gas pricegas limit ETH gas ESCDA Layer 2 arbitrumzksyncstarknetpolygon zkevm L2 Layer 2 OP / ZK ZK TPS OP OP ZK ZK celestia Rollup StarkNet zkSync Arbitrum Optimism optimismpolygonstarknetzksync Optimism bedrock / op stackpolygon polygon avail supernets Rollup zkRollupOptimistic Rollup PoW PoS 1 Rollup rollup ZK ZK rollup ZK gas TPS ZK rollup Zero Knowledge ProofZKP Vitalik ZKP 1000 40 4 1 10100k 9 40k 7
M2SVPS
The Merge
The Merge POW POS
POS POS
- Rollup
slot 12s 32 slot epoch epoch
-PBSVitalik
P2P
10 51% 5.1% SSF 51% vitalik SSF PoS Verkle
- Committee
The Surge
Rollup Surge gas rollup
zkrollup zkrollup sequenceraggregatorbatchprev state rootpost state rootproof L1 calldata Zkrollup
calldata EIP-4844 12MB rollup 60KB ~100KB EIP-4844 1034x blob data shard
The Scourge
Scourge MEV MEV
MEV Miner Extractable Value / Maximal Extractable ValueMiner Extractable ValueMaximal Extractable Value
gas
mempool gas
DEX Uniswap DAI 10,000 UNI UNI / DAI UNI DAI UNI / DAI UNI
MEV
MEVMEV MEV MEV
MEV MEV MEV
The Verge
Verge Verkle rollup zk rollup layer 1 blob KZG KZG rollup KZG
The Verge N rollup
ZK rollup starksnark bulletproof SNARKs STARKs SNARKs STARKs STARKs rollup EIP-4844 blob ZK
The Purge
The Purge ETH
EIP-4444
P2P recipient torrent IPFS Portal Network The Graph /
The Splurge
EVM VDF
Account AbstractionAA ZK Layer 2 EIP-4844
gas pricegas limit
ETH gas
ESCDA
Layer 2 arbitrumzksyncstarknetpolygon zkevm L2 Layer 2 OP / ZK ZK TPS OP OP ZK ZK
celestia Rollup StarkNet zkSync Arbitrum Optimism
optimismpolygonstarknetzksync
Optimism bedrock / op stackpolygon polygon avail supernets
Rollup zkRollupOptimistic Rollup
PoW PoS
1 Rollup
rollup ZK ZK rollup ZK gas TPS ZK rollup
Zero Knowledge ProofZKP Vitalik
ZKP
1000 40 4
1 10100k 9 40k
7.5 10k70k 40k
layer 2 layer 2 rollup layer 2 layer 1 rollup layer 1 optimistic rollup zk rollup zk
layer 2rollup layer 1
optimistic rollup Rollup Rollup
Zero Knowledge ProofZKP Rollup ZK-SNARK
2 ZK Rollup
polygon hermez zksync dev starknet starknet zkevm Polygon Polygon zkEVM
3
The Merge
/
Mustarfa AI-Bassam Vitalik celestiapolygon avail reed-solomon KZG /
KZG /
Rollup calldata calldata
Calldata cost in gas = Transaction size 16 gas per byte
calldata rollup 80%95%
EIP-4844 blob gas
4
L1 calldata
proto-danksharding danksharding rollup KZG EIP-4844
celestia / polygon avail
Validium starkex arbitrum nova DAC DAC
Zkporter guardianszksync token
Volition /
celestia polygon avail validium DA Celestia polygon avail validium DA
Rollup rollup
KZG
KZG
KZG
KZG
KZG reconstruct
commitercommitment
communication proof size
verifier a
Celestia danksharding
KZG
KZG KZG
KZG KZG
100 100 100,00 shares 1/4 1/4 1/4 99% 1520
5EIP-4844Proto-Danksharding
proto-danksharding
Proto-danksharding blob blob blob Blob ~125 kB blob EVM blob blob
blob proto-danksharding 1 MB 16 MB gas
proto-danksharding proto-danksharding rollup Proto-danksharding blob calldata blob
Rollup
EIP-4488 proto-danksharding 12 1 MB 2.5 TB
EIP-4488 EIP-4444
6
PBS The Merge AB
proposerscommittee
slot
committee
The Surge 12
" Proto-danksharding "" " sharding"Proto-danksharding blob Danksharding blob
Layer 3
ZK Layer 2 zksyncstarknet Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 2
L3 L2 DeFi L2 L2
L2 gas L2s L3
L3 L2 L2 L1 L2 VerifierL3 L2 L1 StarkNet L2 L3 1000 L3 L1 1,000,000 L1 starknet
Layer 3
Rollupvalidium web2 validium gas
L2 L3
L2 L3
EVM rollup SNARK
L2 rollupL3 validium
Validium SNARK Validium validium
Validium rollup
dApp
RollupZK Rollups Optimistic Rollups
dApp Rollup
CosmosPolkadot Avalanche
dydx Cosmos
Layer 1
/Alt-layer 1 > Rollup > Cosmos
Rollup > Cosmos > Alt-layer 1
/Rollup > Cosmos > Alt-layer 1
Alt-layer 1 > Cosmos > Rollup
dApp rollup layer 2 rollup layer 3 SDK Rollupapplication-specific rollup Layer 3
Layer 2
rollup layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 2
starknet
tx
L2
starknet aptos Starknet tx
2.0 IC0DefiNFT 2023
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